石墨因为具备较高的可靠性和较低的成本费,高容量锂电池一直是最常见的商业服务负极材料,可是其比较有限的储锂容积(372mAh/g)愈来愈不可以考虑电力能源储存的规定。以往十年,大家科学研究了一系列的高容负极材料以取代石墨,例如硅和金属锂,金属锂因为具备最少的电势差和最大的比容积(3860mAh/g)而被觉得是充电高容量锂电池中的“圣杯”。因为金属锂的沉积全过程不是可控性的,在沉积全过程中会持续耗费电解液,不断转化成高特性阻抗的固态电解质膜,另外持续转化成锂枝晶,导致光电催化特性的持续恶变和产生比较严重的安全隐患。虽然采用了许多对策操纵金属锂的沉积,例如生成新的电解液、电解液防腐剂、三维构造的集流体力学和高聚物电解质溶液等,可是到迄今为止,这种方式只是滞留在试验室环节,并沒有获得产品化的运用。
在这里,学术研究们明确提出选用石墨金属锂混和负极材料,操纵金属锂的光电催化沉积,阻拦其与电解液的触碰,以提升其循环系统可靠性的方式。针对常见的二维石墨负极材料,因为石墨端面的光电催化特异性高过基准面,因而,金属锂的沉积也一般 产生端面,锂最先在端面形核,以后持续生长发育成枝晶,二维石墨负级的端面与电解液具备很大的触碰总面积,持续生长发育的锂枝晶也曝露在电解液中,导致了比较严重不良反应的产生,进而减少了光电催化特性。学术研究因此选用了具备独特构造的人工合成石墨做为寄主原材料,这类石墨具备三维构造,內部由较小的二维石墨构成,另外具备很大的间隙,而且,这类石墨的表层关键由基准面构成,因而,金属锂的沉积优先选择产生在原材料內部,进而防止了与电解液的直接接触,减少了不良反应的产生。
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